Craniotomy is a surgical opening made in the skull to treat several types of problems in the brain. Special tools are used to remove a piece of the skull and allow access to the brain for surgical treatment. The most common reasons for having a craniotomy include a blood clot, tumors, aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations, and brain abscess.

Arrive at the hospital on time. You may still have concerns and are likely to feel a bit nervous. Your care team will try to answer all your questions. They will also do all they can to put you at ease.

The doctor in charge of your anesthesia will talk with you before surgery. You will be given general anesthesia to help you sleep through the surgery. At some point, an I.V. (intravenous) line is placed in your arm. This line can supply medicine and fluids as needed. In many cases, some or all of your hair is shaved. This is done to decrease the risk of infection.

The surgeon makes an incision in your scalp. Then burr holes are drilled in the skull. The bone between the holes is cut and lifted away. The portion of the bone removed is called the bone flap. The surgeon then opens the dura (meninges), exposing the brain. The next step will depend on your specific problem. In some cases, certain nerves or parts of the brain may be stimulated while the response in the brain is watched. This is done to make sure that normal brain tissue is not disturbed during the surgery.

When the goal of surgery is met, the dura covering the brain is closed. Sometimes a dura substitute or dural sealants are used to close the meninges. Usually, the bone flap is put back and held in place with small titanium screws and metal plates. If there is too much brain swelling, your surgeon might choose not to put back the bone flap. It can be put back at a later time after the swelling has gone down. Sometimes a metal mesh or a synthetic bone flap is used if the bone can't be used again or if there is a bone infection (osteomyelitis). Most of the time, the burr holes are filled or covered with metal plates right before closing the skin. A drain may be placed under the skin for a few days. Then the skin incision is closed with stitches or staples.

Risks of a craniotomy are:

• Seizures (jerking movements or loss of consciousness).
• Infection.
• Loss of memory or confusion.
• Swelling or bleeding in the brain.
• Blood clots.
• Loss of sensation, including vision.
• Weakness or paralysis.
• Death.

You can wait in a nearby room during surgery. Craniotomy often takes 3 to 5 hours or more to complete. If possible, be sure to leave a phone number to receive any news, or have someone stay in the waiting room. The doctor will come talk with you as soon as surgery is over. You'll also be told when you can visit your loved one.